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    Biharmonic hypersurfaces in Riemannian manifolds

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    We study biharmonic hypersurfaces in a generic Riemannian manifold. We first derive an invariant equation for such hypersurfaces generalizing the biharmonic hypersurface equation in space forms studied in \cite{Ji2}, \cite{CH}, \cite{CMO1}, \cite{CMO2}. We then apply the equation to show that the generalized Chen's conjecture is true for totally umbilical biharmonic hypersurfaces in an Einstein space, and construct a (2-parameter) family of conformally flat metrics and a (4-parameter) family of multiply warped product metrics each of which turns the foliation of an upper-half space of \mathhbb{R}^m by parallel hyperplanes into a foliation with each leave a proper biharmonic hypersurface. We also characterize proper biharmonic vertical cylinders in S2×RS^2\times \mathbb{R} and H2×RH^2\times \mathbb{R}.Comment: 16 pages with a correction to Theorem 3.

    The Tort System in China

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    The decline in mortality was the most important cause of the great increase in population in Sweden in the 19th century. Especially important was the part played by the decline in infant mortality and mortality among small children. The purpose of this study has been to investigate on the basis of a local example, Linköping during the period 1860-94, the changes in morbidity and mortality in different population groups, and to analyse what factors played a significant role in bringing about the changes. The study is not only epidemiological. It also deals with new technology, new ideas and different actors. The focus is on three arenas: the societal level, the environmental level and the individual level. By the societal level is meant the central arena and the decisions that were taken there. The environmental level contains the study of local public health and a reconstruction of how water and drainage progressed and what properties it came to year by year. The individual level involves the study of a number of variables which the individuals themselves can have influenced in different degrees.Den hÀr studien behandlar utvecklingen i Linköping 1860-94, en period som kÀnnetecknades av en medveten strÀvan frÄn samhÀllets sida att pÄverka hÀlsoförhÄllandena till det bÀttre. FrÄn Är 1860 förbÀttrades dödsorsaksstatistiken och strax dÀrefter, 1863, genomfördes kommunreformen som gjorde genomgripande samhÀllsinsatser möjliga. Undersökningsperioden slutar 1894. Det viktigaste kÀllmaterialet, de datoriserade kyrkböckema, upphhör dÄ, men mÄnga av de studerade skillnadema mellan olika befolkningsgrupper har ocksÄ reducerats betydligt. En senare tidsperiod krÀver andra verktyg Àn de som anvÀnds hÀr. Avhandlingens syfte Àr att utifrÄn ett lokalt exempel studera hur förÀndringen i dödlighet (och i nÄgon mÄn sjuklighet) gick till i olika befolkningsgrupper och analysera vilka faktorer som varit betydelsefulla för den. Avhandlingen Àr inte enbart epidemiologisk utan handlar i lika hög grad om ny kunskap, ny teknologi, nya ideer och deras spridning samt de olika aktörema pÄ sÄvÀl lokal som central nivÄ i det expanderande SjukvÄrdssverige. Att studera en lokal miljö ger mÄnga möjligheter att observera sÄdant som Àr omöjligt via aggregerade data pÄ nationell nivÄ. MÀngder av variabler kan kontrolleras, men i vilken grad speglar resultaten frÄn Linköping förhÄllanden i andra stÀder i Sverige och VÀsteuropa? Till detta Äterkommer vi senare

    The Tort System in China

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